Gender roles, identity and domestic violence

Gender roles, identity and domestic ferocityGender is the division of people into both categories, go awayforce and wowork force. done fundamental inter achievement with c artakers, amic compe extization in pincerhood, peer pressure in adolescence, grammatical gendered work and family roles, women and men atomic number 18 socially constructed to be distinguishable in behaviour, attitudes and emotions (Borgatta. E.F. andMontgomery, R.J.V,2000,p.1057).HOW DO WE happen upon TO ACT AS MALES OR FEMALES?We learn to act as males or effeminates through and through(1) gender roles(2) gender identity(3) gender socializationWHAT argon gender ROLES?Gender roles are the roles that society assigns to men and women based on their gender. They especially influence relationships mingled with men and womenWomens lifestyles are changing to restrain new careers, education and family structures, and their role in society is macrocosm alter accordingly. Education has evolved from provid ing them with skills inevitable for building a family and managing a dwelling household into a more than broad, extensive education that benefits them in a variety of careers as well as allows them to reach a high social term as educated members of society. In secondary inculcates, teachers who provided womanish students with homemaking skills carry switched to more intellectual courses like physics and biology.Bitter feminists around the world were lots heard blaming men for the current produce of the world, further it should be know that part of the future of the twenty first century, is determined by how much women corporate with running(a) with men to influence the direction of the nations of the world. at that place is the attach of the relationship between female literacy and independence growth where the level of female literacy is higher and the dependency growth is lower. The twentieth century has been the dawn of a new era for women in the world. They entertain evolved and broken umteen barriers in social status and education level. Stemming from backgrounds that were tough and limited where they were maids, field labourers and cooks, they have definitely matured, transitioning to higher and more meaningful roles in society. Their determination and further for social equality has had a major role to play in the development of the world. This development is a major factor responsible for the state of the economies in the world today. Women have graduated from being mainly domestic workers to that of doctors, athletes, and Prime Ministers. They are also specializing in jobs that were once only booked by men, for mannequin, filling the position of managers, engineers, safety-officers and welders just to name a few. unripened girls and women living in these modern times must take return of the opportunities provided and use the resources that are avail commensurate to them. Women must become less(prenominal) babelike on the op posite sex and strive to earn their own in terms of possession and finances etc.Women are venturing step to the fore and challenging themselves but some of the men have occupied traditional female roles and at a slower pace, for example, men have become hairstylists, cooks house-keepers, baby-sitters etc. Traditional hierarchical schemes are a thing of the past. In the working environment, the strategies used by women to reach mid-management levels are preventing them from applying through the frosting ceiling. To be successful, both men and women must be able to provoke excellent results through people-oriented leadership dos. They become self-disciplined, ambitious and are in all likelihood to embrace a visible, take charge and influential approach to their roles. unrepentant to common stereotype, women are violate team players than men and are better at communicating and keeping people informed are able to rank the success of the team first, using influencing skills earlier than authority to hit objectives. As far as leadership values go, co-workers rate women higher in such skills as hiring the right people for the job, developing and learn subordinates, and organizing, monitoring and controlling the work of others. They are also better at creating a vision and backcloth clear direction and high standards of performance. rase though womens decisions are of high quality, they continue to be viewed as less objective, less flexible and lower in emotional control than men. Their more forthright communication style, may appear less polished and diplomatic than mens when dealing with those above them in the hierarchy. In the future, there should be transformational leadership for regional and national renewal for sustainable development using methods by the media, including church women and social welfare organizations and communications programmes on the concept and practice of a new kind of leadership, which is gender issues, and expectations in leadership and up(a) the capacity of various interests groups in understanding and analysing issues from gender perspective through seminars, workshops and public as well as community meetings. At a regional level, steps of the military operation of assigning people to do different tasks , must take slur as well as setting up a monitoring framework and specific demands should be highly-developed and implemented. From this a new culture forget emerge when building confident(p) relationships, command authority and interacting with the world. Everything involving women has changed and will continue to do so everywhere the next decades. In every arena, women have continued to excel and have definitely make a dramatic difference in the world.WHAT IS inner activity IDENTITY?Gender identity refers to the feeling that one is male, female or transgender. Many things contribute to the formation of gender identity, including society, family and factors that are in place before birt h. Transgender respective(prenominal)s may have the genitals of one sex but a gender identity, usually associated with the other example, a soul natural with a penis who feels female may identify as transgender. accord to Paul Connelly (1998), a study showed interesting insights into the relationship between gender and ethnicity. I t was seen that children in schools, though young brought the ways of cerebration about masculinity, family and ethnicity into the school arena. I t was build that teachers at these schools were more likely to criticize the behaviour of glum boys than other children, and for this the boys were sent outdoors for deviant behaviour, were singled out and instructed to stand by a door or wall, or even the outside the staff room during playtime. These boys were stigmatized for being black and were accused of being part of race crime and gangs. Their black sisters were sensed as potential disruptive children, likely to be good insports and also singled out and punished. On the other hand, the South Asian boys were seen as immature rather than seriously deviant. Their behaviour was viewed as silly rather than a threat, and according to the teachers, they were described as passive, conformists and vulnerable. Theywere not able to expressage their masculinity as their performance in sports was not good. However, they preferred to concentrate on on school work. The South Asian girls appeared to be more hard-working and manipulable than the boys and compared to other girls. The teachers encouraged the girls to focus more on their school work which in turn caused them to be very competitive with other girls in the school. This study shows how gender and ethnicity interact in creating identities among children, also some of the ways this might influence educational achievement in schools as well as showing how these children create the gender identities embed in schools.WHAT IS GENDER enculturation?Gender socializing is the change of information the social expectations and attitudes associated with ones sex. Through this process, sociologists explain why human males and females behave in different ways they learn different social roles, for example, girls learn to wash and keep a home clean and boys learn to clean the backyard and put out the rubbish.Socialization is the primary means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, and is the most influential cultivation process for a child to get under ones skin. Though the variation is materialized in the customs and behaviours of societies, the most fundamental expression of culture is to be found at the individual level, which cigaret only occur after the individual has been socialized by the family, extended family and external social networks. This process of both learning and teaching is the way in which cultural and social characteristics are continued and passed down to generations .Sociologists, such as Durkeim, noted the relationship between norms, values and roles during socialization. The following are the different types of socializationPRIMARY SOCIALIZATIONThis occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values and behaviour suitable to individuals as members of a particular culture. For example a child witnessing his/her parent giving a derogatory thought about a minority group, and and so the child would automatically think that behaviour is acceptable and continue to have this opinion about minority groups.SECONDARY SOCIALIZATIONThis socialization refers to the process of learning what is acceptable behaviour as a member of a little group within the larger society. It is normally associated with teenagers and adults, and involves more minute changes than those which occurred in the former socialization such as, relocating to a new environment or society.DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATIONWith this process learning behaviour is done in a social institution o r social skills are developed.prevenient SOCIALIZATIONAnticipatory socialization refers to the process of socialization where a psyche rehearses for future positions, occupations and social relationships, for example on the job training (O.J.T).RESOCIALIZATIONThis refers to the process of discarding former behaviour prototypes and accepting new ones as part of a transition on ones life. It occurs throughout the human life cycle and can be an intense experience with an individual having a sharp break with the past, and needing to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. An example would be a religious convert internalizing the beliefs and rituals of a new faith. An extreme example is the process by which a transsexual learns to function socially in a dramatically altered gender role.ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATIONThis process involves employees learning the knowledge and skills necessary to assume their organisational role. As they are new to the institution, they become socialized by learning about the organization and its history, culture and procedures etc. They also learn about the skills needed to do the job, their work group and formal procedures and informal norms. Socialization functions as a control system in that newcomers learn to internalize and obey organizational values and practices.WHAT IS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE?Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviours and tactics used by one person over another to gain power and control. This may include vocal abuse, monetary, emotional, sexual and carnal abuse. Domestic violence occurs in heterosexual as well as same-sex partnerships, and crosses all ethnic, racial and socio-economic lines.Domestic violence has many forms of which there are fivePHYSICAL which is inflicting or attempting to inflict physical injury. Examples of these are, grabbing, shoving, slapping, hitting, arm-twisting, kicking, punching, stabbing, shooting. Physical abuse can also be used to d isclaim access to resources necessary to maintain health, such as, medical care, hygienic assistance, forcing alcohol and other drug use.SEXUAL Forcing or attempting to coerce any sexual contact without consent, for example, marital rape, forced sex after beating, attacks on the sexual parts of the body. Another method used is attempting to undermine the victims sexuality, such as treating him/her in a sexually derogatory manner, criticizing sexual performance and oomph and accusations of indidelity.PSYCHOLOGICAL this involves instilling or attempting to instill fear, example, intimidation, threatening physical violate to self/victim, threatening to harm/kidnap children, mind games, destruction of pets and property. There is also the method of isolating or attempting to isolate the victim from friends, family, school/work, example withholding access to a phone, unremitting checking up, undermining victims personal relationships. frantic undermining or attempting to undermine the victims sense of worth by using constant criticism, belittling victims abilities and competency, name-calling, insults, put-downs, silent treatment, and undermining a partners relationship with the children.ECONOMIC this involves making or attempting to make the victim financially dependent. For example, having and maintaining total control over financial resources including the victims earned income, public assistance if any, withholding money/access to money, requiring business and victim giving an account for all money spent.COMPARISON AND note OF THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY AND THE GENDER SCHEMA THEORYThe social learning theory of Bandura specifies the importance of observing and copyling the behaviours, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. approximately human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling from this, one is able to understand how the new behaviours are done.Aggression is one type of behaviour that can be learnt through models. Through a lot o f research, it was found that children become more aggressive when they observe aggressive or boisterous models. Bandura stated that there were conditions that an individual requires before successfully modelling the behaviour of someone else. The person must first pay attention to the model in order to be able to remember the behaviour that was observed, then must be able to repeat what was demonstrated. Finally, motivation is needed to exhaust modelling a behaviour. Modelling helps to increase the frequency of similar behaviours, for example, a girl noticing her friend excelling in dancing and then she may extend to excel in singing as she does not have the skills for dancing. well-nigh of the time persons engage in certain behaviours because they believe they can put them into action successfully. As a result, it can be said that the person has high self-efficacy. Persons who have high self-efficacy tend to be better and often achieve more at whatever they pursue.In contrast, the gender scheme theory (Bem 1981) focuses on the role of cognitive organization in summation to socialization This theory postulates that children learn how their cultures and societies define the role of men and women and then internalize this knowledge as a gender scheme or unchallenged core belief. This scheme is then used to organize later(prenominal) experiences. Childrens perceptions of men and women are thus an interaction between their gender schemas and their experiences. Eventually, they will incorporate their own self-concepts into their gender schema and will assume the traits and behaviours that they go for appropriate for their gender. So, even with children learning from modelling behaviour and also learning how their culture defines the roles of male and female, what is internalized and is actually modelled are very different in terms of positive and negative behaviours and roles.INTERVIEW OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE subsister TAKEN ON 5/4/2011 chief Is this your fi rst experience of Domestic hysteria? dish up Yes. motion When did you notice the signs of Domestic Violence?Answer I was twenty, there were subtle signs from the relationship. The other person was ten years older than me.Question When did you decide to seek help or did someone call for help for you?Answer I called for help myself.Question Were there others in your family who were also abused?Answer No.Question How many incidents have you experienced with Domestic Violence?Answer sole(prenominal) one, but many were built into it.Question Is this prevalent in your family?Answer Yes, my mom and my two sisters went through it.Question Which organisation did you contact or go to for help?Answer I called the guard after being beaten and raped, then went to hospital and subsequently a safe house in Piparo.Question How did the organisation protect you?Answer I had police security on 24 hour shift in Piparo in 2004, then the same in a safe house in Port-of-Spain.Question What have you lea rnt from this experience?Answer You never know your strength. return attention to the smallest signs, pay attention to what is said in jest.Question What stood out for you from this experience?Answer Having a relationship with God is what is most important. subtile that it has a God and having a relationship with God are two different things.Question What would you advise young people to do to cancel this situation or what to look out for before taking action?Answer Look for signs of the person keeping you away from friends, belittling you and relation back you ,you are not good enough. If youre hit once dont let a second time occur and the perpetrator saying look what you made me do.Question Has this experience affected your psychological thinking about men?Answer Yes, I dont have patience with men.